Ch 1: Athens 479 BC: The Hellespont

  • Cyrus and then Darius were the first rulers of the Persian empire the largest the world had seen up until this point. They Adopted the Babylonian God and used him as a justification for conquering frontier peoples. To cleanse them from darkness and lies
  • ethos of ancient world was might makes right.
  • The divine was that which held the most power and could tell the future and explain events

Ch 2:

  • after Roman capture the Caesars allowed Jews to keep using the temple, and they respected them for their zeal
  • The temple in Jerusalem was the center of Jewish society central to many rituals and sacrifices that gave Jews, their identity
  • Jews also had the Torah, which had a similar sanctity to the holy of Folies in the temple. It was passed to them by God and gave Jews outside of Jerusalem Jewish identity
  • Too many different names for God in the Old Testament and the Jewish Torah suggest that there was an old belief in multiple gods, but Yahweh the one thank God, one out and Jewish scholars tried to edit out any multi theism from the Torah
  • after Cyrus allows Jews to rebuild the temple, Yahweh Gaines attributes of the Persian court. Like, the serpent or Satan or Lucifer being a seven headed snake. A.k.a. multiple gods fighting A good one did evil one
  • God‘s creating covenants with their people was unheard of when the Jewish God created a covenant with the Jews
  • jews always felt themselves a distinct people When everyone else was Romanizing
  • People were converting to Judaism, but they were also many were God fears and on the sidelines not circumcised Chapter 3
  • Galatians were from goal and settled in Asia minor. They were violent Raiders, who worshiped the Caesars as gods for bringing peace
  • Paul Likely visited with people curious of Judaism and they loved the message that you only had to believe in Christ to be a Christian unlike Judaism where you’re supposed to be circumcised and a certain nationality
  • Early converts by Paul had their lives turned upside down. Galatians, looking to be more pious wanted to follow Moses’s laws of circumcising, and Corinthians thought freedom in Christ meant doing anything they wanted including sin.
  • Jewish morality and Greek philosophy joined in Christianity as Paul spread Christ message for conscience being from the Holy Spirit
  • Paul’s goal was to establish as many churches as possible during his travels. It was expedient to Tell his followers to obey Caesar’s rules so they wouldn’t be arrested. He could not remake society to match his Christian practices so he had to conform to the world he was in.
  • Paul would speak at synagogues and accept the punishment for his “”blasphemy“
  • by AD 66 the Latin word Cristiano was used to label Christians derogatorily in the Roman world. By 100 Christians had appropriate

Ch 4: Belief AD177 Lyon

  • after Nero’s persecution of Christians, they were mostly left alone in Rome but communities popped up and attracted foreigners.
  • One in Lyon in Gaul ended up killing many as martyrs.
  • Marcian was a heretical Christian priest that believed in two gods And that Christ was never human. He suggested Compiling to Christian Cannon when he went to Rome around to 130s to 140s
  • bishop iiranaus Wanted to standardize Christian beliefs and thought that compiling a candidate a.k.a. the New Testament was the way. He traced the lineage of teachings Back to the disciples and only picked primary sources. Kept Old Testament of Jewish scripture
  • Christian’s had an identity outside of their ethnic origins and felt kinship to all other Christians. This was seen as ruthless
  • Rome, always thinking of how to unite various peoples under a single rule wanted a single religione, a.k.a. cult practice, shared by all to please the gods for allowing them to rule
  • Origin was a philosopher from multicultural Alexandria (Jewish & Greek) who was an advocate for including Old Testament in bible and also standardizing and bounding Christianity from heresy.
  • Origen had Come upcome up The Trinity three and one using philosophy and Judaism to BuildChristian theology
  • in 250 Roman Caesar Cana Cana required sacrifice from all citizens, except Jews to the gods to stabilize a chaotic time. Many Christians were killed for refusing
  • After Civil War Constantine took control of Rome and relaxed sections on the church in Carthage and everywhere. Please call was two unite all Ronans to believe in one God that they could all pray to. She was ambiguous when saying the one God to allow room for Christ or Apolo Or other gods
  • Constantine gathered bishops in nicea in Asia Minor to write Nicean creed in 325 AD to codify beliefs and unify a divided Christian body. Also writing canon for must follow rituals and dogma
  • Constantine saw Christianity as a way to unite his people and consolidate power, but ultimately with his son Constance rejecting his father and the oneness of Jesus and God, tore apart, the Roman empire into eastern and western. Chapter 5: charity ED pers
  • Julian, the Apostate Constantine’s nephew Rejected Christianity and tried to get other colts to practice poor relief, which was ironic because that is a Christian thing.
  • in goal in 371 Saint Martin, an early monk became a celebrity and Bishop of tour and became an early Christian hero for living As an acetic Monk. A new type of hero. Was uncomfortable for other high class bishops who lived in Palaces and enjoyed status. Was a saint and given tribute after death
  • In early Christian Rome 300 AD The Zeitgeist turned against the wealthy and wealth accumulation seen as immoral. Some Roman senators gave away all their wealth and imagined a world of collective ownership.
  • Barbarian kingdoms in the West, Goths,Vandals and Visigoths, Normans, where looking to have wealth be seen as a gift from God and not evil in of itself.
  • St. Augustine argued that all are fallen and being poor/rich has no bearing on your holiness and collectivism wouldn’t work due to human’s fallen nature. Gives ability for lords and kings to wield wealth and power as long as they fight for good

    Ch 6: Heaven AD 492: Mt. Gargano

  • Darius King of Persia saw the world has a fight between good and evil, and the Jews formed Satan as a adversary to God Diablos is adverse in Greek
  • Saint Augustine argued that the devil And evil were just the absence of good not something separate.
  • with Pope Gregory in the 400s A.D. there were major plagues and Rome was almost abandoned and no senate. Caused the pagan rituals to fall away and Rome to fully Christianize. Plague Was punishment for Romes sin and judgement day was coming according to Gregory
  • Jewish scripture and Greek philosophy, heavily influenced the Christian idea of judgment day and heaven and hell
  • Saint Augustine coined the term secular. It used to mean a time period of about 100 years The Length of time of living recollection. God’s Kingdom is not secular because it is eternal living past and individuals life and things not of God are secular now
  • Monasteries starting by 500s. They are seen as Manifestations of the divine on earth. More potent than cathedrals

ch 6

  • Early 600s jews were denied many rights given to other Roman citizens and were forcibly baptized in Carthage by Herculean, Byzantine emperor.
    • some had a real conversion. Carthage was a very Christian place.
  • in late 600s Mohammad conquers holy land With Arabs. Mohammad considered Jesus a prophet, but argued that Christian dogma was corrupted by man. He received messages from the Angel Gabriel, and created Islam
  • Carthage was then conquered by Arabs and capitol moved from Carthage to Tunis. Muslims killed and oppressed Christians like Christians were doing to Jews.
  • Mohammed’s story was inspired by Moses. Stories about Mohammed were colored by this
  • Monks were starting to go to Britain in 600s. Was an island of warlords of different people but Christianity gave warring factions a shared identity. Anglo saxons.
  • Muslim incursions into Europe got to the Pyrenees and were beaten by the franks when they tried to get Tour In France. Charles Martel combined Frankish kingdoms. They were God’s people due to victory.
  • By 700-800s Mediterranean is a sarosin lake and Christians can’t travel as freely. Franks and Western Europeans carry the torch of Christianity
  • The historian/ theologian Bead, was the one who started using BC/AD time system and it started spreading.

Ch 8: Converson AD 754

  • Bontiface’s mission was to convert saxony east of the Rhine to Christianity. He curried favor from Charles Martel and other powerful benefactors. Cleaned house and set the existing church right.
  • Charles (Charlemagne), son of Peppin, was crowned by the pope as Augustus, emperor of the Roman’s.
    • 4 decades of rule saw him consolidate power across Western Europe. His conquest of saxony was prolonged and difficult, and he ended up forcing baptism.
    • Alquin told Charlemagne to educate the people so they could voluntarily convert.
    • charlgenane required all to learn the creed and Lord’s Prayer and forced priests to be educated so they could help the peasants with normal everyday stuff.
  • After charglemanes death, empire split by sons and borders weakened. Incursions by Muslims, Vikings, and Hungarian step people threatened Christian order.
  • In this time, local warlords all were converting to get more legitimacy.

Ch 9: Revolution AD 1076: Cambri

  • up until 1076, priests could be married, unlike celibate monks.
  • A priest was burned alive for calling out other unclean priests and the pope Gregory agreed.
    • Mainly due to the oath to Henry IIII tha priest made. Just before Rome said the king couldn’t declare bishops.
      • This was the opposite of what was happening then. at was happening then.
  • Pope Gregory - hildebrand - at this time was a reformer and hated loyalty oaths bishops paid to kings
  • There were a succession of corrupt, scandalous popes and Roman dynastic battles until emperor henry III appointed his cousin. Started reformation
  • talented clerics recruited to Rome and it became a capitol of affairs. That’s when Gregory started as pope.
  • Henry IV told him to step down but Gregory didn’t and instead excommunicated him from the church. Lost legitimacy from his subjects and asked for forgiveness from pope.
  • after Gregory died, reformation lived on to split church from the secular state
  • from Jesus to Augustine to Colin Baris to Gregory rendering Caesars onto Cesar and God‘s to God THE, four consecration of religious activities and the full separation of the world or secular would not be undone
  • in 1095 Pope urban declared that fighting to liberate Jerusalem would forgive sins. In 1099 Christian warrior pilgrims we took Jerusalem from the Muslims
  • a law school in bologna was first university. Sponsored by Matilda- Gregory’s friend
    • became a path to working with the papacy
  • The Decretum Was the first compilation of Cannon law and for the first time emphasized equal human rights. Status used to always play a factor in The law, but no longer
  • Abalaud was a philosopher from Paris was called a heretic for finding contradictions between church fathers and trying to reconcile them. His legacy was that logic and reasoning could get us closer to God’s truth and questioning was part of that.
    • Universities now took his questioning attitude and institutional lines that. They had independence from the bishop to pursue free inquiry
    • Philosophy was the major subject, but the order of natural philosophy, a.k.a. the sciences were seen as Coming from God as well.

Ch 10: persecution 1229 Marburg

  • by 1215 the Reformation was slowing. This bread, more radical ideas still for rejecting the papacy
    • people who announced their wealth and walked around, preaching where called heretics because people scholars wanted a monopoly on pontificating.
    • Those who became beggars and traveling creatures were excommunicated
  • In early 1200s popes Fought for power to seek out genetics and punish them. Inquisitors were created that could compel secular authorities to deal sentences sense priests could not
  • albigensian’s or cathatrs we’re old-fashioned Christians identifying with pre-reformation Christendom. Distrust of the people hierarchy targeted them as heretics that needed to be eliminated
  • 20 years of crusade against heretics and southern France was chaos. Killing innocents was an acceptable cost for clearing heresy.
  • around this time, Christian started to translate. Muslim works and found mini works by Aristotle in Arabic and translated them. This form the basis of reasoning that the world was ordered by God and logic and science can bring us closer to understanding him
  • Sun readers of Aristotle were burned his heretics, and that lead his writings to be banned from Paris. ButDominican friars As inquisitors found Aristotle’s teachings helpful for inquisition. So universities were given freedom from this ban.
  • Jews were not Labeled as heretics and we’re allowed to live, but we’re continually persecuted

ch 11: Flesh 1300 Milan

  • Theologian struggled to define women’s place in the world. They were seen as creators of original sin

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